Population recordings from ventral root efferents in the thoracolumbar and sacrocaudal segments are used to study the motor output of the preparations. Intracellular recordings are used to determine the physiological properties and synaptic connectivity of individual spinal neurons in various regions of the spinal cord. (Lev-Tov et al., 2000, Strauss and Lev-Tov, 2003, Blivis et al., 2007).
